Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic molecules that are the main source of energy
Monosaccharides, simple sugars, are the monomers of carbohydrates
The elements that make up all carbohydrates are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (CH2O)
Monosaccharides, simple sugars, are the monomers of carbohydrates
The elements that make up all carbohydrates are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (CH2O)
The carbohydrate monosaccharide is made of one unit of sugar.
The carbohydrate disaccharide is made up of two units of sugar.
The carbohydrate polysaccharide is made up of many units of sugar.
All of these carbohydrates are very similar except in the aspect of the quantity of sugar units.
The carbohydrate disaccharide is made up of two units of sugar.
The carbohydrate polysaccharide is made up of many units of sugar.
All of these carbohydrates are very similar except in the aspect of the quantity of sugar units.
Some examples of monosaccharides would be galactose and fructose. Galactose can be found in milk and fructose can be found in fruits.
Some examples of disaccharides are sucrose which can be found in table sugar and lactose which can be found in sugar in milk.
Polysaccharides
There are 3 different types of polysaccharides. First there are cellulose which are found in and structure the cell walls of plants and most organisms can't break them down to use them for energy.
Secondly there are chitin which are mainly structural and can be found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans.
Lastly there are peptidoglycan which are found in and structure the cell walls of bacteria.
Lipids
Lipids are organic molecules that are the secondary source of energy; they also provide insulation.
Fatty acids and glycerol are the monomers of lipids.
Fatty acids and glycerol are the monomers of lipids.
There are 4 different types of lipids
Triglycerides: triglycerides are in fats and oils. It makes fats solid at room temperature and oils liquid at room temperature. Fats are used by animals and oils are used by plants. Triglyceride contain a glycerol group and 3 fatty acids.
Phospholipids: Phospholipids contain an glycerol group with a phosphate group attatched on the third carbon and two fatty acids. Phospholipids also have a hydrophilic head (water loving) and a hydrophobic tail (water hating).
Steroids: Steroids are 4 fused rings of carbon . A common example is cholesterol which serves as a precurser of things like testosterone, Estrogen, Vitamin D, and Cortisone.
Waxes: Waxes are non polar and repel water. They are the protective layer on leaves and on the outside of some animals. Some animals even produce wax in their ears to protect them. Bees even make honey combs from wax.
Triglycerides: triglycerides are in fats and oils. It makes fats solid at room temperature and oils liquid at room temperature. Fats are used by animals and oils are used by plants. Triglyceride contain a glycerol group and 3 fatty acids.
Phospholipids: Phospholipids contain an glycerol group with a phosphate group attatched on the third carbon and two fatty acids. Phospholipids also have a hydrophilic head (water loving) and a hydrophobic tail (water hating).
Steroids: Steroids are 4 fused rings of carbon . A common example is cholesterol which serves as a precurser of things like testosterone, Estrogen, Vitamin D, and Cortisone.
Waxes: Waxes are non polar and repel water. They are the protective layer on leaves and on the outside of some animals. Some animals even produce wax in their ears to protect them. Bees even make honey combs from wax.
All lipids are hydrophobic which means it repels or doesn't mix with water.
Lipids, like oil for example, can't and won't mix with water, which is reffered to as hydrophobic.
Saturated fats are in animal fats, like chicken and beef fat.
Unsaturated fats are in vegtable oils like olive and peanut oil.
Trans fats are in processed foods like donuts and pie.
Phospholipids
Phospholipids are made up of a glycerol group with a phosphate group attatched to the third carbon and two fatty acids. The head of a phospholipd is hydrophilic while the tails are hydrophobic. This means the heads mix with water while the tails don't, so phospholipids must arrange theirselves in such a way that the heads are facing outwards and the tails are facing inwards and protected.
Phospholipids can be found in the plasma membranes of cells.
Proteins
Proteins are organic molecules that catalyze reactions, transport oxygen, and repair and build tissue.
Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins.
Peptide bonds are the bonds that hold all proteins together.
Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins.
Peptide bonds are the bonds that hold all proteins together.
Proteins can form 4 different types of structures which include the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.
The primary structure consists of a simple order of amino acids into a chain to make different proteins.
The primary structure consists of a simple order of amino acids into a chain to make different proteins.
The secondary structure is a pleated sheet or helix of amino acids that can form from hydrogen bonding or other forms of attraction.
The tertiary structure is made when the secondary structure folds and twists in on itself.
The quaternary structure is made and consists of multiple proteins interacting with one another.
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are organic molecules that store hereditary information.
Nucleotides are the monomers that make up nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids have two jobs which are storing genetic information and protein synthesis.
The structure of neocleotides consist of a 5 carbon sugar (like deoxyribose), a phosphate functional group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
The process that links together nucleotides in nucleic acids is called dehydration synthesis, which is the reaction between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another nucleotide.
Nucleotides are the monomers that make up nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids have two jobs which are storing genetic information and protein synthesis.
The structure of neocleotides consist of a 5 carbon sugar (like deoxyribose), a phosphate functional group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
The process that links together nucleotides in nucleic acids is called dehydration synthesis, which is the reaction between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another nucleotide.
DNA is composed of 2 strands arranged at a right handed helix in which the strands are held together by hydrogen bonds. Dna stores information needed to construct proteins. The strands are also anti paralell which means they're oriented in opposite directions.
RNA contains a sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine. Rna is usually single stranded, and does not typically form double helix. They're less stable than Dna, and more temporary. Rna regulates information for proteins in the protein synthesis process.
ATP has a nitrogenous base adenine bound to the sugar ribose with 3 phosphate groups added to the molecule. Atp plays a role in energy processing by detatching one of their 3 phosphate groups and giving off a burst of energy, then it will become ADP.